Pacific Standard March-April 2013 Cover

How Are They Hanging?

bering-hanging

A few years ago, the evolutionary psychologist Gordon Gallup, whom we’ll meet again later, along with his colleagues Mary Finn and Becky Sammis, set out to explain the natural origins of the only human male body part arguably less attractive than the penis—the testicles. In many respects, their so-called activation hypothesis elaborates on what many of us already know about descended scrotal testicles: they serve as a sort of cold storage and production unit for sperm, which keep best at a temperature slightly lower than the norm for the rest of our bodies. But the activation hypothesis ... Read More

How Evolution Explains High-Heeled Shoes

(PHOTO: SHUTTERSTOCK)

Fashions in dress come and go, but a peculiar one has stayed in style for many generations, and shows no sign of fading away. It’s the high-heeled shoe, which first became a fashion statement in 16th-century France, and has been a part of the modern woman’s wardrobe since the mid-19th century. Ask a woman why she endures the awkwardness and discomfort, and she’ll probably respond, “They make me look, and feel, more attractive.” Newly published research suggests this perception is accurate, but perhaps not for the reason you’d expect. It’s not the artificially increased ... Read More

Violence and Aggression Linked to Mating in Men’s Minds

Guys: What do you feel when you look at a photo of an attractive woman? Excited? Intrigued? How about warlike? Such a response may seem strange or even offensive. But newly published psychology study suggests it is far from uncommon — and it may help explain the deep psychological roots of warfare. With yet another war in full swing, we once again face the fundamental question of why groups of humans settle their differences through organized violence. A wide range of motivations have been offered over the years: In a 2002 book, Chris Hedges compellingly argued that war is both an ... Read More

Classical Music Linked to High Intelligence

Is a preference for classical music a sign of superior intelligence? Newly published research suggests the answer is yes, but — cue an ominous minor chord — not for the reason you might think. Like Mozart or Mahler, researcher Satoshi Kanazawa of the London School of Economics and Political Science takes a few imaginative leaps to arrive at his conclusion. His latest paper, just published in the Journal of Behavioral Decision Making, may prove as controversial as his last one, which suggested highly intelligent people are more likely to be atheists and political liberals. Using ... Read More

A New Take on Political Ideology

With another contentious U.S. election approaching, opinions predictably have hardened as voters gravitate toward candidates who best embody their particular political position. Partisans — that is, nearly everyone aside from the handful of genuine independents, who tend to be disengaged from the process — habitually divide the world between right-thinking, like-minded people and those fools who just don't get it. As much as we stake our identity on such core beliefs, it's unlikely we emerged from the womb as little liberals or libertarians. This raises a fundamental question: At what ... Read More

Baby Faces, Product Design and Evolutionary Theory

Linda Miesler and Helmut Leder decided to put evolutionary theory to the test in the product design world. At the 7th International Design and Emotion Conference in Chicago, Miesler, a doctoral student, presented the lessons that she and Leder, a psychology professor, learned about baby faces and responses to designed objects. There's a body of research indicating that humans think human baby faces are cute and respond positively to them — this is where the evolutionary theory comes in. It's good for us to respond positively to our young. Baby faces share certain attributes — relatively ... Read More

Maslow’s Pyramid Gets a Makeover

Abraham Maslow’s Pyramid of Needs is one of the iconic images of psychology. The simple diagram, first introduced in the 1940s, spells out the underlying motivations that drive our day-to-day behavior and points the way to a more meaningful life. It is elegant, approachable and uplifting. But is it also out of date? That’s the argument of a team of evolutionary psychologists led by Douglas Kenrick of Arizona State University. In the latest issue of the journal Perspectives on Psychological Science, they propose a revised pyramid, one informed by recent research defining our deep ... Read More

How Strong Is That Guy? The Answer is in His Voice

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow called the human voice “the organ of the soul.” New research suggests it is also a reflection of the body, in that it conveys vital information about the speaker’s physical strength. That’s the conclusion of a team of researchers led by Aaron Sell, a postdoctoral fellow at the Center for Evolutionary Psychology at the University of California, Santa Barbara. Writing in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B, they report both men and women can accurately assess a man’s upper body strength by simply listening to his voice. “People are well-designed to ... Read More

To Understand Evolution, Try Focusing on Humans

The theory of evolution is one of most familiar in all of science — and one of the most widely misunderstood. Even well-educated people are often fuzzy regarding the mechanics that drive evolutionary change. Is there a better way to teach both students and the public about this fundamental process? Writing in the online journal Evolutionary Psychology, British anthropologist and psychologist Daniel Nettle puts his finger on one major roadblock to understanding and offers a simple but compelling solution. A researcher with the Newcastle University Institute of Neuroscience, Nettle notes ... Read More

Macho Motoring

High-end, high-performance sports cars have been described as four-wheeled phallic symbols. New on-the-road research suggests this link between automotive luxury and libido may be more than a metaphor. A just-published study reports testosterone levels in men rose dramatically after they spent an hour driving a Porsche. In contrast, tooling around town in a battered Toyota did not produce a statistically significant change in levels of the male sex hormone. The research, described in the journal Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, constitutes "the first set of ... Read More